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INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY What is the study of development? The process by which a fertilized egg transforms itself into a complex organism is one of the most exciting and complex mysteries in the field of biology! How does it happen?? Each of us sitting in this room developed from a single egg! Developmental Biology [...]
God has blessed animals and human beings with teeth. They help in breaking and chewing of the food. They are present in oral cavity.Teeth are attached to the upper and lower jaws. Kinds of Teeth Humans have two sets of teeth during their lives. Milk Teeth The first set of teeth begins to come through [...]
It is a leaf like organ. It lies below the stomach and between the two arms of duodenum. The pancreas produces a juice which is called the pancreatic juice. This juice flows down the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. It contains three enzymes. 1. Pancreatic amylase which acts on undigested starches of the food and [...]
Enzymes are chemical compounds. They are protein in nature. They are formed in living cells. They are not consumed in a reaction but act as a catalyst as they only speed up the chemical reactions. Types of Enzymes There are two types of enzymes: 1. Intracellular Enzymes 2. Extracellular Enzymes Intracellular Enzymes They work within [...]
Parasitic fungi may be of two types OBLIGATE PARASITES FACULTATIVE PARASITES. OBLIGATE PARASITES Those parasitic fungi which can grow only in their living host & cannot be grown on available defined growth culture medium, are called “ Obligate Parasites”. EXAMPLES Many mildews Most of Rust species. FACULTATIVE PARASITES “Those parasitic fungi which can grow parasitically [...]
Two kinds of reproduction are usually found in Fungi ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Except In perfect Fungi in which sexual reproduction has not been observed. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION The most common means of reproduction in fungi which does not involve sexes, reduction division & fertilization is called A SEXUAL REPRODUCTION DIFFERENT MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION In [...]
ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS All fungi lack chlorophyll & are heterotrophs ( obtain carbon & energy from organic matter, They obtain their food by direct absorption from immediate environment & are thus “ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS”. DIFFERENT MODES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION IN FUNGI Being Heterotrophic, fungi can exist as Saprotrophs or saprobes ( Decomposers ) Parasites Predators Mutualists SAPROBIC [...]
A few of true fungi are unicellular (such as yeast) but most have multicellular body (mycelium) consisting of long, slender, branched, tubular, thread like filaments called as Hyphae which spread extensively over the surface of substrate. TYPES OF HYPHAE Hyphae can be divided in to two types: Septate or Multicellular Hyphae Non-septate or multinuclear or [...]
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